The Ipuwer Papyrus (officially Papyrus Leiden I 344 recto) is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus made during the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and now held in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, Netherlands. Problem 79 sums five terms in a geometric progression.Ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus made during the Nineteenth Dynasty Ipuwer Papyrus They involve computations regarding the strength of bread and beer, with respect to certain raw materials used in their production. Problems 69–78 are all pefsu problems in some form or another. Problems 62–68 are general problems of an algebraic nature. The technique given in 61B is closely related to the derivation of the 2/n table. The fractions 2/ n for odd n ranging from 3 to 101 are expressed as sums of unit fractions. The first part of the papyrus is taken up by the 2/ n table. The problems start out with simple fractional expressions, followed by completion ( sekem) problems and more involved linear equations ( aha problems). The first part of the Rhind papyrus consists of reference tables and a collection of 21 arithmetic and 20 algebraic problems. Main articles: Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2/n table and Egyptian fraction A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute. Chace published a compendium in 1927–29 which included photographs of the text. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline. Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre. In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmes presents the papyrus as giving 'Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries . The document is dated to Year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later historical note on its verso likely dating from the period ('Year 11') of his successor, Khamudi. The mathematical translation aspect remains incomplete in several respects. The papyrus began to be transliterated and mathematically translated in the late 19th century.

Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is 33 cm (13 in) tall and consists of multiple parts which in total make it over 5 m (16 ft) long. It was copied by the scribe Ahmes (i.e., Ahmose Ahmes is an older transcription favoured by historians of mathematics), from a now-lost text from the reign of king Amenemhat III ( 12th dynasty). The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. The Rhind Papyrus is larger than the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, while the latter is older. It is one of the two well-known Mathematical Papyri along with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. There are a few small fragments held by the Brooklyn Museum in New York City and an 18 cm (7.1 in) central section is missing. The British Museum, where the majority of the papyrus is now kept, acquired it in 1865 along with the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, also owned by Henry Rhind. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian, who purchased the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt it was apparently found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum.

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( RMP also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057 and pBM 10058) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics.

Egyptian papyrus writing